Sep 5, 202310 min read

J.R.R. Tolkien: 50 Years On - Uncovering the True Impact Of "The Lord Of The Rings"

Photograph of J. R. R. Tolkien on leaving Leeds University, commissioned by Tolkien's students 1925/6. On public display shortly after creation. First known print publication 8 October 1937 in The Catholic Herald. (Image source: Public Domain).

My imaginary world... I do not remember a time when I was not building it...Do not laugh! But once upon a time...I had a mind to make a body of more or less connected legend, ranging from the large and cosmogonic to the level of a romantic fairy-story...which I could dedicate simply to England; to my country.

J.R.R. Tolkien, 1951 letter to publisher

Part 1: The Life and Work of J.R.R. Tolkien Exactly 50 years ago, on September 2, 1973, the literary world mourned the loss of one of its most iconic and imaginative authors, John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. Five decades have passed since Tolkien's death, yet his impact on literature, culture, and society remains as profound and relevant as ever. In this article, we will explore the life and work of J.R.R. Tolkien, the impact of his books, particularly "The Lord of the Rings," and how his creation of the Middle-earth universe transformed not only the realm of fantasy literature but also society's view upon itself.

J.R.R. Tolkien monogram (Source: Public Domain).

J.R.R. Tolkien monogram (Image source: Public Domain).

Early Life and Academic Pursuits John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on January 3, 1892, in Bloemfontein, South Africa, but spent most of his formative years in England after his family moved back when he was three years old. Raised by his mother, Mabel, and a close-knit Catholic family, young Tolkien exhibited an early fascination with languages and mythology. These early influences would later become instrumental in shaping his fictional world of Middle-earth.

Handwritten Christmas card with a colored photo of the Tolkien family, sent by Mabel Tolkien from the "Orange Free State" to her relatives in Birmingham, on November 15, 1892. J.R.R. Tolkien on hear arm on the right, 10 months old. (Image source: Public Domain).

Tolkien's academic journey was marked by excellence. He attended Exeter College, Oxford, where he studied Classics and, later, English Language and Literature. His philological pursuits, especially his study of Old English and other ancient languages, would serve as the foundation for his intricate world-building in Middle-earth. His academic career included professorships in Anglo-Saxon at both Leeds University and Oxford University.

World War I and Creation of Middle-earth The outbreak of World War I had a profound impact on Tolkien's life. He served as an officer in the Lancashire Fusiliers and experienced the horrors of trench warfare. It was during these dark times that he began crafting the mythology and languages of Middle-earth as a form of escape and solace. Tolkien later referred to this period, and its influence on his work is unmistakable.

Black and White Portrait Photograph of J.R.R. Tolkien in uniform during WWI. Taken 1916. (Image source: Picryl).

One of the most remarkable aspects of Tolkien's Middle-earth is its linguistic diversity. He meticulously constructed multiple languages, including Elvish tongues, Dwarvish, and the Black Speech of Mordor. These languages were not mere appendages but integral components of his world, contributing to its depth and authenticity.

The Masterpiece: "The Lord of the Rings" Tolkien's magnum opus, "The Lord of the Rings," published in three volumes between 1954 and 1955, stands as a pinnacle of fantasy literature. Set in the fictional world of Middle-earth, the epic tale follows the journey of a contrasting group of characters, including hobbits, elves, dwarves, and men, as they strive to destroy the One Ring and defeat the dark lord Sauron.

"... of Westmarch by John Ronald Reuel Tolkien; herein is set forth / the history of the War of the Ring and the Return of the King as seen by the Hobbits". (Image source: Public Domain).

In 1951, J.R.R. Tolkien penned a letter to his publisher, Milton Waldman, outlining the motivations and inspirations behind his epic creation, "The Lord of the Rings." This letter offers a profound glimpse into Tolkien's creative process and the deeply personal reasons that drove him to craft Middle-earth.

Tolkien began his letter with an exploration of his lifelong fascination with languages, an interest that laid the foundation for his fictional world. He wrote:

Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write...I have been a philologist and a lover of words, finding it impossible to write without ' inventing' new words.

J.R.R. Tolkien

This linguistic passion led him to develop not only the languages of Middle-earth but also the cultures and histories that would speak these languages.

11th century folio of Old English book of Remedies (Lacnunga) with spell against penetrating worms, "wið smeogan wyrme" (line 3) - a possible source of J.R.R. Tolkien's dragon or "worm", Smaug. (Image source: Public Domain).

Perhaps the most illuminating aspect of Tolkien's letter was his revelation of the primary motive behind his work: a desire to create a mythology for England. He expressed his regret that his homeland lacked a mythological tradition as rich and deep as those of other nations, such as the Norse sagas or the Greek myths.

To remedy this absence, Tolkien embarked on the monumental task of crafting a comprehensive mythology for England, complete with its own pantheon of gods, epic tales, and heroic figures. Tolkien believed that mythology was essential for a nation's cultural and moral identity. He wrote:

I was from early days grieved by the poverty of my own beloved country: it had no stories of its own.

J.R.R. Tolkien

In an era marked by the devastation of two World Wars and rapid societal change, Tolkien saw the need for a unifying narrative that could instill a sense of shared history and values among the English people.

Old English epic poem Beowulf, produced between 975 and 1025. Line 112: "eotenas ylfe orcneas" from naming ogres, elves, and devil-corpses. This inspired Tolkien to create a variety of races including elves and orcs. He also names "ettens" and "ents". (Image source: Public Domain).

"The Lord of the Rings," therefore, emerged not only as a captivating adventure but as a mythological tapestry for England. Tolkien's creation of Middle-earth was an act of literary patriotism, a means to infuse his homeland with a timeless and culturally rich mythology.

Incorporating this revelation from Tolkien's letter to Milton Waldman sheds light on the profound motivations that underpinned his work. It underscores how Tolkien's commitment to language, culture, and national identity drove him to craft a world as vast and intricate as Middle-earth. This revelation adds yet another layer of depth to our understanding of Tolkien's legacy, showing that "The Lord of the Rings" was not merely a story but a profound gift to his nation and, indeed, to the world.

"One ring to rule them all, one ring to find them, One ring to bring them all, and in the darkness bind them- In the Land of Mordor where the shadows lie". The One Ring made from scratch in Blender 3D software by Peter J. Yost. (Image source: Wikimedia Commons). Creative Commons license: CC BY-SA 4.0.

Influence on Modern Fantasy Tolkien's work marked a turning point in the evolution of fantasy literature. Prior to "The Lord of the Rings", the genre was often associated with fairy tales and folklore. Tolkien, however, elevated fantasy into a sophisticated and fully realized literary realm. His meticulous world-building, complete with detailed maps, histories, and cultures, set a new standard for the genre.

Other authors, such as C.S. Lewis, Ursula K. Le Guin, and George R.R. Martin, have acknowledged Tolkien's influence on their own works. His success paved the way for the flourishing of "high fantasy" and epic sagas in literature and pop culture.

The Impact on Popular Culture Beyond the realm of literature, J.R.R. Tolkien's influence permeates popular culture. The success of "The Lord of the Rings" was cemented by Peter Jackson's film adaptations, released between 2001 and 2003, which garnered critical acclaim and a massive global fanbase. The movies brought Middle-earth to life in breathtaking detail, further expanding the reach of Tolkien's creation.

The Lord Of The Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) trailer. (Source: YouTube).

Tolkien's characters, places, and phrases have become part of everyday language, demonstrating the enduring impact of his work. Phrases like "One Ring to rule them all" and "You shall not pass!" have entered the cultural lexicon. Iconic figures like Frodo Baggins, Aragorn, and Gandalf have become archetypal heroes, resonating with audiences of all ages.

Part 2: Tolkien's Societal Impact and the Evolution of Fantasy Literature

Escapism and the Power of Imagination Tolkien's works, particularly "The Lord of the Rings," offered readers a powerful form of escapism during tumultuous times. Published in the aftermath of World War II, the books provided a refuge from the harsh realities of the post-war world. Tolkien's intricate world-building and compelling characters allowed readers to immerse themselves in a rich and fully realized universe, momentarily escaping the anxieties and uncertainties of their own lives.

This escapism was not mere distraction but a testament to the power of imagination. Tolkien's ability to create a world so vivid and detailed inspired countless readers to engage with their own creative capacities. The Middle-earth legendarium encouraged a sense of wonder and a belief in the transformative potential of storytelling.

Shire location, from the Lord of the Rings series, Hobbiton movie set, Matamata, New Zealand. (Image source: Public Domain).

Moral Complexity and the Battle of Good vs. Evil Tolkien's exploration of moral complexity in "The Lord of the Rings" challenged traditional notions of heroism and villainy. The characters in his epic were neither wholly good nor entirely evil; they grappled with their own weaknesses and flaws. This nuanced portrayal of humanity resonated with readers, prompting them to reflect on their own ethical dilemmas and the shades of gray that exist in the real world.

The character of Gollum, in particular, serves as a poignant example of this moral ambiguity. Initially, he is portrayed as a malevolent figure, but as the story unfolds, readers witness the inner struggle between his corrupted self and the remnants of his former identity as Sméagol. This portrayal of a character torn between darkness and redemption left a lasting impression, challenging the simplistic narratives of good versus evil prevalent in literature and society.

Wax Museum figure of Gollum. (Image source: Wikimedia Commons). Creative Commons license: CC BY 2.0.

Environmentalism and the Shire's Preservation Long before environmentalism became a mainstream concern, Tolkien's writing hinted at an ecological consciousness. The Shire, home to the hobbits, is described as an idyllic, bucolic place where the inhabitants live in harmony with nature. Tolkien's reverence for the land and his depiction of its degradation under the influence of industrialization, (as seen in the desolation of Isengard and Mordor in the books and films), carried a predictive message about the consequences of environmental exploitation.

Tolkien's works encouraged readers to consider the importance of stewardship and the preservation of the natural world. His emphasis on the beauty and sanctity of the land resonated with those who were increasingly aware of the environmental challenges facing our planet. In this way, Tolkien's writing really foreshadowed the growing environmental movement of the late 20th century.

The Empowerment of the Marginalized Tolkien's inclusion of diverse races and cultures in Middle-earth, from the diminutive hobbits to the noble elves and stalwart dwarves, offered a powerful message of inclusivity. Each race contributed to the greater narrative, and their differences were celebrated rather than condemned. This depiction of diversity and cooperation sent a profound message about the value of all individuals, regardless of their background.

Over Hill (Bilbo and Gandalf) by Joel Lee. (Image source: Wikimedia Commons). Creative Commons license: CC BY-SA 4.0.

Additionally, Tolkien's female characters, such as Éowyn and Galadriel, challenged traditional gender roles by demonstrating strength, agency, and leadership. These characters provided inspiration to readers, particularly women, seeking to break free from societal constraints and assert their own autonomy.

The Birth of Fandom and Scholarship Tolkien's works gave rise to a dedicated fanbase that transcended generations. Readers not only devoured his books but also engaged in passionate discussions, fan fiction, and fan art, laying the foundation for modern fandom culture. Tolkien fandom remains a vibrant community to this day, with conventions, online forums, and fan events celebrating the rich tapestry of Middle-earth.

Moreover, Tolkien's work spurred scholarly exploration, fostering the field of Tolkien studies. Academics worldwide have delved into the languages, cultures, and themes of Middle-earth, examining the author's sources of inspiration and the philosophical underpinnings of his writings. This scholarly engagement has elevated Tolkien's work to the status of serious literature and expanded our understanding of its significance. Part 3: The Enduring Legacy of Middle-earth in the Modern World

Tolkien's Ethical and Moral Philosophy Tolkien's writings were deeply rooted in his Catholic faith and moral convictions. His storytelling was infused with themes of courage, self-sacrifice, and the battle against temptation and evil. These moral foundations continue to resonate with readers and viewers, inspiring discussions about the nature of good and evil, heroism, and the importance of standing up for one's beliefs. Though religion was fundamental for him, he wrote the following to publisher Milton Waldman about the English Arthurian legend:

Its ‘faerie’ is too lavish, and fantastical, incoherent and repetitive. For another and more important thing: it is involved in, and explicitly contains the Christian religion.

For reasons which I will not elaborate, that seems to me fatal. Myth and fairy-story must, as all art, reflect and contain in solution, elements of moral and religious truth (or error) - but not explicit - not in the known form of the primary ‘real’ world.

J.R.R. Tolkien, 1951 letter to publisher

"The Lord of the Rings" remains a source of ethical reflection and philosophical debate. The choices made by its characters, such as Frodo's decision to spare Gollum or Aragorn's reluctant acceptance of his destiny, offer valuable lessons about the complexities of human nature and the struggle for virtue in a flawed world.

Political Interpretations and Allegories Tolkien's works have been subject to various political interpretations, with scholars and enthusiasts drawing parallels between Middle-earth and real-world events. Some have seen the struggle against the dark lord Sauron as an allegory for the fight against totalitarianism during the 20th century, (particularly in the aftermath of World War II). Others have likened the conflicts in Middle-earth to contemporary geopolitical struggles.

Tolkien himself was wary of direct allegory and insisted that his works were not meant to be taken as political statements. Nevertheless, the adaptability of his storytelling allows for a wide range of interpretations, reflecting the multifaceted nature of his works.

J.R.R. Tolkien at Gregans Castle in Ireland. J.R.R. Tolkien was a frequent guest at the house in the 1950s, and was inspired by the Burren landscape. 1951. (Image source: Wikimedia Commons). Creative Commons license: CC BY-SA 4.0.

Educational and Philanthropic Legacy Beyond entertainment, Tolkien's legacy has a philanthropic dimension. The Tolkien Society, founded in 1969, continues to promote the study and enjoyment of his works. In addition, the Tolkien Estate has supported charitable endeavors, including educational initiatives and the conservation of natural landscapes. Tolkien's commitment to the preservation of language, culture, and the environment lives on through these efforts.

Conclusion

Five decades after his passing, J.R.R. Tolkien remains not only a beloved author but a cultural touchstone, a source of inspiration, and a reminder of the enduring power of imagination and storytelling. His works continue to be a bridge to new worlds and a testament to the enduring appeal of epic fantasy.